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A home purchase is the largest, single investment most people will
ever make in their lifetime. Be it, a primary residence, a vacation home or an investment, the purchase of real property is
a multifaceted financial transaction that requires multiple parties to pull it all off.
The people involved are
very familiar, for the most part. The Realtor is the most common face of the transaction. The mortgage company provides the
financial capital necessary to fund the transaction. The title company ensures that all aspects of the transaction are complete
and that a clear title passes from the seller to the buyer.
So who makes sure the value of the property is in line
with the amount being paid? There are too many people exposed in the real estate process to let such a transaction proceed
without making certain that the value of the property is matching with the amount being paid.
This is where the
appraisal comes in. An appraisal is an unbiased
estimate of what a buyer might expect to pay, or a seller receive for a parcel of real estate, where both buyer and seller
are informed parties. To be an informed party, most people turn to a licensed, certified, professional appraiser to provide
them with the most exact estimate of the true value of their property.
The
Inspection
The real estate appraisal starts with the inspection. An appraiser's job is to inspect
the property being appraised to ascertain the true status of that property. He or she must actually see features, such as
the number of bedrooms, bathrooms, the location, and so on, to ensure that they really exist and are in the condition a reasonable
buyer would expect them to be. The inspection often includes a sketch of the property, ensuring the proper square footage
and conveying the layout of the property. Most importantly, the appraiser looks for any noticeable features, or defects that
would affect the worth of the house.
Once the site has been inspected, an appraiser uses two or three approaches
to determining the value of real property: a cost approach, a sales comparison and, and for rental property, an income approach.
Cost Approach
The cost approach is the easiest to
understand. The appraiser uses information on local building costs, labor rates and other factors to determine how much it
would cost to construct a property similar to the one being appraised. This value often sets the upper limit on what a property
would sell for. Why would you pay more for an existing property if you could spend less and build a brand new home instead?
While there may be mitigating factors, such as location and amenities, these are usually not reflected in the cost approach.
Sales Comparison
As an alternative, appraisers rely on the sales comparison approach to value these types
of items. Appraisers get to know the neighborhoods in which they work. They understand the value of certain features to the
residents of that area. They know the traffic patterns, the school zones, the busy thoroughfares; and they use this information
to establish which attributes of a property will make a difference in the value. Then, the appraiser researches recent sales
in the vicinity and finds properties that are ''comparable'' to the subject being appraised. The sales prices
of these properties are used as a basis to begin the sales comparison approach.
Using knowledge of the value of
certain items such as square footage, extra bathrooms, hardwood floors, fireplaces or view lots, etc., the appraiser adjusts
the comparable properties to more accurately portray the subject property. For example, if the comparable property has a fireplace
and the subject does not, the appraiser may deduct the value of a fireplace from the sales price of the comparable home. If
the subject property has an extra bathroom and the comparable does not, the appraiser might add a certain amount to the comparable
property.
In the case of income producing properties - rental houses for example - the appraiser may use a third
approach to valuing the property. In this case, the amount of income the property produces is used to arrive at the current
value of those monies over the foreseeable future.
Reconciliation
Combining information from all approaches, the appraiser is then ready to specify an estimated market value for the subject
property. It is important to note that while this amount is probably the best indication of what a property is worth, it may
not be the final sales price. There are always extenuating factors such as seller motivation, urgency or ''bidding
wars'' that may adjust the final price up or down. But the appraised value is often used as a guideline for lenders
who don't want to loan a buyer more money than the property is actually worth. The bottom line is: an appraiser will help
you get the most accurate property value, so you can make the most informed real estate decisions.
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